Questionnaires and scales measuring how we interact with smartphones, social media and gaming should not be used to demonstrate links with mental health and wellbeing, according to research from the Universities of Bath and Lancaster.
Surveys that ask people about their technology habits often suggest problematic use, even pointing towards the potential for ‘addictive’ behaviours. But when researchers analysed these questionnaires, they found that these measures were not advanced enough to confirm any such issues.
Despite claiming to identify unique issues to specific technologies, such as phobias or addictions, many scales are related to each other. For example, if a participant scored highly on a smartphone ‘addiction’ survey they were also likely to score high on a scale that measured internet gaming ‘disorder’.
“Many technology measures appear to identify a similar, poorly defined construct that sometimes overlaps with measures of well-being. However, we need more research to determine exactly what these scales measure,” said Dr Brit Davidson, from the University of Bath’s School of Management.
Dr David Ellis, also from Bath’s School of Management, added: “Technology usage scales continue to be developed at an alarming rate and yet we now know their foundations are shaky. This only serves to distract from genuine online harms, including online harassment, misinformation, and data security.”
Published in Computers in Human Behaviour, three separate studies analysed the function of the scales and set out to investigate precisely what they measure, analysing the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and the Problematic Series Watching Scale.
“The scales are not developed in line with best practices yet allow researchers to quickly link mental health symptoms to technology use,” said Dr Heather Shaw from the School of Psychology at Lancaster University.
Dr Davidson added: “While our attention is focused on alarming headlines we are not putting energy into truly understanding the impact of digital technology. Findings involving these widely used scales continue to drive research agendas, inform policy and are even attempting to define new clinical disorders.”
The researchers say more research is needed to understand people’s everyday experiences with digital technology alongside accurate measures of behaviour from gaming and social media platforms.
Reference: Davidson BI, Shaw H, Ellis DA. Fuzzy constructs in technology usage scales. Computers in Human Behavior. 2022;133:107206. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107206
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